附註:Includes bibliographical references (pages 296-315) and index.
The rise of a Shi'i state in Awadh -- Middle Eastern roots of Awadh Shi'ism -- Shi'i state formation in Awadh and the Ulama -- The origins and development of popular Shi'ism in Awadh -- Shi'ism and Muslim social groups -- Popular Shi'ism -- The growth of a Shici clerical hierarchy in Awadh -- The beginnings of formal Shi'i institutions in Awadh -- The new jurisprudents and the struggle for religious leadership -- Religion, state, and the second Usuli generation -- Clericalist monarchy and Shi'i institution building -- Shicis and others -- Shi'i, Sunni, Hindu: Communal relations in Awadh -- The Mujtahids and the West: From accommodation to annexation and revolt -- Conclusion.
摘要:In this pioneering study of the Twelver Shi'i branch of Islam prevalent in Iraq and Iran, J.R.I. Cole traces the influence of Shi'i rule on the development of religious communalism and conflict in the North Indian State of Awadh (Oudh). He also examines the relationship of the Shi'i clergy to the state and the clerical reaction to British imperialism and capitalism. Based on research in rare manuscripts and in archives, the book reveals that the Shi'i clergy advocated policies that caused resentment among Sunnis and Hindus, thereby promoting religious communalism and setting the stage for modern communal conflict. The Shi'i learned men took government posts in support of Awadh's Shi'i nawabs and shahs Awadh state support, in turn, helped transform Shi'ism from a persecuted "sect" to a dominant, if still minority, religious establishment. Sociologically, the book draws attention to the specific role of the state in defining "sect" and "church." It also argues the importance of class divisions within the Shi'i community, showing that the dominant clerical ideology was often not accepted by the laboring strata. Cole's study supports the view that Muslim communalism in Northern India had genuine historical roots and was not simply an elite strategy of modern Muslim politicians. Contrary to the arguments of some writers and to the image projected by Iran's current ayatullahs, he claims that most Shi'i clergy did not play a role of opposition to the state.
