附註:Includes bibliographical references and index.
Preface -- I: Early studies -- 1.1 Discovery of vacuoles -- 1.2 Vacuolar contents -- 1.3 Physiology and biogenesis -- 1.4 Nature of vacuoles -- 1.5 Summary -- 1.6 References -- II: Methodologies -- 2.1 In situ methods -- 2.1.1 Light microscopy -- 2.1.2 Fluorescence microscopy -- 2.1.3 Electron microscopy -- 2.1.4 Cytochemical localisation -- 2.2 In vitro methods -- 2.2.1 Isolation of intact vacuoles -- 2.2.2 Isolation of vacuolar sap and tonoplast -- 2.2.3 Direct extraction of tonoplast fraction -- 2.2.4 Tonoplast markers -- 2.3 Physiological methods -- 2.3.1 Determination of pH -- 2.3.2 Determination of osmotic values -- 2.3.3 Special methods -- 2.4 Summary -- 2.4.1 In situ methods -- 2.4.2 In vitro methods -- 2.4.3 Physiological methods -- 2.5 References -- III: Occurrence and distribution of vacuoles -- 3.1 Procaryotes -- 3.2 Algae -- 3.3 Fungi -- 3.4 Bryophyta -- 3.5 Pteridophyta -- 3.6 Gymnosperms -- 3.7 Angiosperms -- 3.7.1 Meristem -- 3.7.2 Epidermis -- 3.7.3 Cortex -- 3.7.4 Endodermis -- 3.7.5 Vascular tissues -- 3.7.6 Reproductive tissues -- 3.7.7 Specialised cells -- 3.8 Shape, number and volume -- 3.9 Summary -- 3.10 References -- IV: Ultrastructure and chemical composition of tonoplast -- 4.1 Ultrastructure -- 4.2 Chemical analysis of tonoplast -- 4.2.1 Lipids -- 4.2.2 Proteins -- 4.2.3 Tonoplast enzymes -- 4.3 Summary -- 4.3.1 Ultrastructure -- 4.3.2 Chemical composition -- 4.4 References -- V: Vacuolar contents -- 5.1 Solids and particulate inclusions -- 5.1.1 Crystals -- 5.1.2 Aleurone grains -- 5.1.3 Lipid bodies -- 5.1.4 Isoprenoids, polyterpenes, rubber, resin, and essential oil -- 5.1.5 Volutin and polyphosphate -- 5.2 Colloidal or dissolved substances -- 5.2.1 Phenolics -- 5.2.2 Anthocyanin and anthoxanthin pigments -- 5.2.3 Alkaloids and steroids -- 5.2.4 Sugars -- 5.2.5 Organic acids -- 5.2.6 Amino acids.
5.2.7 Hormones -- 5.2.8 Inorganic ions -- 5.2.9 Miscellaneous substances -- 5.3 Enzymes -- 5.4 Summary -- 5.4.1 Solids and particulate inclusions -- 5.4.2 Colloidal and dissolved substances -- 5.4.3 Enzymes -- 5.5 References -- VI: Biogenesis and development of vacuoles -- 6.1 Early views -- 6.2 De novo origin -- 6.2.1 De novo liposome -- 6.2.2 De novo Golgi bodies -- 6.2.3 Growth of tonoplast -- 6.3 Origin through lipid utilisation -- 6.4 Origin of aleurone vacuoles -- 6.5 Origin through lytic processes -- 6.6 Origin from membranous components -- 6.6.1 Origin from endoplasmic reticulum -- 6.6.2 Origin from plasma membrane -- 6.6.3 Origin from Golgi bodies -- 6.7 Inheritance of vacuoles in yeast -- 6.8 Biochemical aspects of biogenesis -- 6.8.1 Vesicular transport -- 6.8.2 SNARE hypothesis on vesicular transport -- 6.8.3 Vesicular transport in yeast: SNARE mechanism -- 6.8.4 SNARE mechanism in plants -- 6.8.5 Mechanics of fusion -- 6.8.6 Prevacuoles as intermediate structures -- 6.8.7 Membrane trafficking -- 6.8.8 Transport pathways -- 6.9 Sorting signals for proteins -- 6.9.1 Positive signalling for plant proteins -- 6.9.2 Direct pathway -- 6.9.3 Default mechanism -- 6.9.4 Autophagy -- 6.10 Summary -- 6.11 References -- VII: Functions of vacuoles -- 7.1 Transport of molecules across membranes -- 7.2 Uptake of water -- 7.2.1 Aquaporin -- 7.3 Uptake of ions -- 7.3.1 General considerations -- 7.3.2 Accumulation of ions -- 7.4 pH regulation by vacuoles -- 7.4.1 Role of oxido-reductases -- 7.5 Salt tolerance -- 7.6 Osmoregulation -- 7.6.1 Turgor for growth -- 7.6.2 Tonoplast permeability -- 7.6.3 The mechanism of osmoregulation -- 7.7 Role of vacuole in calcium homeostasis -- 7.7.1 Ca[sup(2+)] transporters and channels -- 7.8 Metabolic functions -- 7.8.1 Crassulacean acid metabolism -- 7.8.2 Homeostasis of amino acid levels.
7.8.3 Sucrose accumulation and transport -- 7.8.4 Biosynthesis inside vacuoles -- 7.9 Lytic functions -- 7.9.1 Hydrolytic activity -- 7.9.2 Proteolytic activity -- 7.9.3 Nucleolytic activity -- 7.9.4 Autophagy -- 7.9.5 Heterophagy -- 7.9.6 Lytic activity in differentiation -- 7.10 Detoxification of SO 2 -- 7.11 Detoxification of xenobiotics -- 7.12 Phytoremediation of heavy metals -- 7.13 Scavenging of active oxygen species -- 7.14 Summary -- 7.15 References -- VIII: Retrospect and prospect -- 8.1 Definitions -- 8.2 Significance of vacuoles -- 8.3 Uniqueness of vacuoles -- 8.4 Homology -- 8.4.1 Homology of tonoplast with plasma membrane -- 8.4.2 Homology with other membranes -- 8.4.3 Homology with Golgi apparatus -- 8.4.4 Homology with single-membraned organelles -- 8.4.5 Homology with lysosomes -- 8.5 Prospect of genetic engineering of tonoplast -- 8.5.1 Engineering against water stress -- 8.5.2 Engineering of proton pumps -- 8.5.3 Engineering for storage and processing -- 8.5.4 Engineering for phytoremediation and detoxification -- 8.5.5 Engineering for protein targeting -- 8.5.6 Engineering for disease resistance -- 8.5.7 Other possibilites -- 8.6 Summary -- 8.7 References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.
摘要:This book is the only comprehensive work, at introductory level, on plant cell vacuoles. Vacuoles are ubiquitous, multifaceted and indispensable organelles and yet they have been thinly treated in the literature to date. This is at odds with the amount of interest in vacuoles that has been expressed in the last two decades. This comprehensive work provides a solid foundation on vacuoles to an advanced level. The latest research findings have been included in all aspects of plant and yeast vacuoles.
