附註:Includes bibliographical references (pages 557-588) and index.
Currency Equivalents -- Assessing Access -- Growth, Poverty Reduction, and Access to Financial Services -- Basic Supply-Side Measures of Financial Services Offered in Brazil -- Demand-Side Measures of Access: An Enterprise Survey -- Demand-Side Measures of Access: A Survey of Urban Individuals -- Analysis of Survey Results: What Factors Are Associated with Access? -- An Econometric Investigation of Determinants of Access -- Summary of Findings and Policy Implications -- Financial Markets and Welfare-Enhancement: Microeconomic Aspects -- Technical Note on Estimation: Urban Financial Survey -- Expanding Microfinance -- Microcredit, Access, and Poverty: A New Paradigm? -- Microfinance in Brazil: Evolution and Status -- Microfinance in Brazil: Constraints and Challenges -- Microfinance Regulation and Supervision: Future Policy Options -- The Credit Cooperative Movement and Its Contributions to Access -- Legal, Regulatory, and Supervisory Framework for Credit Cooperatives -- Microfinance and Technology -- Downscaling Private Banks -- Deposit Services: Small Clients and Special Savings -- Credit Services: Provision of Small Loans -- Entry Requirements, Prices, and Transaction Costs -- Delivery Channels: Branches, ATMs, and Correspondent Banking -- New Technologies: Use of the Internet and Phone Banking -- Downscaling of Banks Elsewhere: What Can Banks Do? -- Bank Downscaling: One Bank's Viewpoint -- Partnering Nonbanks -- Factoring -- Leasing -- Consumer Finance for Individuals and Trade Finance for Enterprises -- Channeling Rural Finance -- Specialized Finance and Directed Credit in Brazil -- Overview of Rural Finance in Brazil -- Analysis of the Present System of Agricultural Credit -- Designing Rural Financial Systems: Principles and Experience -- The Subsidy Dependence Index: Rationale and Calculation -- Old and New Approaches to Rual Finance: Goals and Principles -- The New Approach to Rural Finance: Indonesia's BRI-Unit Desas -- Installing Institutional Infrastru
December 2000 to November 2001 -- The Importance of Small Loans for the 10 Largest Brazilian Banks, November 2001 -- Nonbanks with a Significant Market Share in the Small-Loan Market, November 2001 -- Survey on Access to Financial Services in Brazil: Reasons for Not Having a Bank Account -- Fees and Requirements for Sight Deposit Services at Key Brazilian Banks, 2002 -- Interest Rates, Outstanding Stock, and New Loans to Consumers by Loan Type (Free Credit), December 2002 -- Constraints to Enterprise Operations and Growth: An International Comparison -- Average Transaction Costs by Type of Bank in Brazil -- Transaction Cost Comparison, Banks and Nonbanks -- Types of Distribution Channels Used by Different Bank Groups -- Correspondents in Brazil, 2001 and 2002 -- Geographic Coverage of the Banking System and the Postal Network -- ATM Fleet in the United States and in Brazil -- Downscaling through Partnerships by Commercial Banks in South Africa -- Banks and Finance Companies in Microfinance, Peru and Bolivia -- Other Latin American Banks and Finance Companies in Microfinance -- Sources of External Financing for Peruvian Microfinance Institutions, December 2000 -- Financial System Assets, by Institutional Type -- Finance, Leasing, and Factoring Companies in Brazil, December 2001 -- Factoring Companies in Selected States and Regions in Brazil, 2001 -- Differences between Financial Intermediation and Factoring -- Comparison of Factoring Turnover in Brazil and Selected Other Countries, 2000.
摘要:Of Characteristics of Financial and Operational Leases in Brazil -- Present Value of Leasing Contracts in Brazil and Other Countries, 1999 -- Aggregate Credit to the Rural Sector in Brazil, 1969-2002 -- Concentration of Agricultural Landholdings in Brazil -- Sources of Finance for Rural Credit in Brazil, 1995-2002 -- PRONAF Low-Cost Loans to Family Farms -- Agricultural Insurance Relative to the Total Insurance Market, 2001 -- Agricultural Insurance in Brazil: Basic Information and Volume of Premiums/Losses -- Rise in Agricultural Productivity and Decline in Formal Agricultural Credit -- Brazilian Farm Units, Area, Gross Value of Production, and Total Financing -- Frequency with Which Private Parties Resort to Justice to Postpone Obligations, by Area of Law -- Likelihood of Judges' Decisions Being Politicized, by Type of Cause -- Registry Offices in State Capitals and Two Major Cities in Sao Paulo, Brazil -- Notarial Fees for Drafting a Public Deed of Mortgage in the State of Sao Paulo -- Registration Costs for Deeds and Documents in the State of Sao Paulo -- Major Credit Information Providers in Brazil, 2002 -- Key Characteristics of Cross-Country Comparisons of Private Credit Bureaus -- Cross-Country Comparison of Customer Attention Issues in Private Credit Bureaus -- Cost of a Credit Report in Brazil and Other Countries. , This study evaluated present levels of access to financial services in Brazil and government policies that have had an impact on access. Based on these findings, the study explored options for increasing future access to financial services in Brazil. The first section of this summary highlights the core conclusions to emerge from the study and their implications for government policy. The next section describes the findings and recommendations of each chapter, and is followed by an in-depth look at specific areas examined by the study.
