附註:"Papers ... presented at a colloquium ... organized by Ariel Pakes and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, held October 20-22, 1995, at the National Academy of Sciences in Irvine, CA."--Page 12655.
Reprinted from: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 93.
Includes bibliographical references.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -- Contents -- Science, technology, and economic growth -- Trends and patterns in research and development expenditures in the United States -- OVERALL R & D SPENDING -- BASIC, ACADEMIC, AND FEDERAL LAB RESEARCH -- INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS -- Measuring science: An exploration -- THE AGGREGATE STORY -- FIELDS -- FIELDS BY UNIVERSITIES -- AN INCONCLUSIVE CONCLUSION -- DATA APPENDIX
Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories: Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across�THE DATA -- THE MODEL -- MODEL SPECIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- The future of the national laboratories -- ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND INTRAMURAL RESEARCH -- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AT THE FEDERAL LABORATORIES -- IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE -- Long-term change in the organization of inventive activity -- THE PATENT SYSTEM AS THE BASIS FOR TRADE IN TECHNOLOGY
THE GROWTH OF TRADE IN PATENTS AND SPECIALIZATION AT INVENTIONCONCLUSION -- National policies for technical change: Where are the increasing returns to economic research? -- THE USEFULNESS OF BASIC RESEARCH -- UNEVEN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AMONGST COUNTRIES -- THE MEASUREMENT OF SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY -- CONCLUSIONS -- Are the returns to technological change in health care declining? -- DATA -- TRENDS IN AMI TREATMENTS, COSTS, AND OUTCOMES -- DIFFERENCES IN TREATMENT INTENSITY ACROSS HOSPITAL TYPES -- IV ESTIMATES OF THE RETURNS TO MORE INTENSIVE AMI CARE
ESTIMATES OF THE MARGINAL EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGEDISCUSSION -- Star scientists and institutional transformation: Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology� -- IDEAS IN PEOPLE -- COMMERCIALIZATION OF BIOSCIENCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- Evaluating the federal role in financing health-related research -- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK -- CONCLUSIONS -- Public-private interaction in pharmaceutical research -- DATA AND METHODS -- QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE: FIELD INTERVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES -- QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHEnvironmental change and hedonic cost functions for automobiles -- ESTIMATING A HEDONIC COST FUNCTION -- THE DATA -- RESULTS FROM THE PRODUCTION DATA -- THE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF THE NEW CAR FLEET -- INNOVATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- Sematech: Purpose and Performance -- THE PURPOSE OF SEMATECH -- THE PERFORMANCE OF SEMATECH -- CONCLUSIONS -- The challenge of contracting for technological information -- THE PECULIAR PROPERTIES OF TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION -- THE PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION OF TI -- IMPLICATIONS
