附註:Includes bibliographical references.
EXPANDING METROPOLITAN HIGHWAYS -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- REGULATORY CONTEXT -- ANALYTIC REQUIREMENTS -- FINDINGS -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- REGULATORY CONTEXT -- Clean Air Legislation and Regulatory Requirements -- Historical Trends -- Requirements of the 1990 CAAA -- Conformity Requirements -- ISTEA -- Energy Regulation -- STUDY FOCUS -- DEFINITION OF TERMS -- OVERVIEW OF IMPACTS -- ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS -- ORGANIZATION OF REPORT -- NOTES -- REFERENCES
ABBREVIATIONS2 Contribution of Motor Vehicle Transportation to Air Pollution and Energy Consumption -- TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY -- Transportation-Related Pollutants -- Formation of Motor Vehicle Emissions -- Major Pollutants by Type -- Pollutants by Vehicle and Fuel Type -- Factors Affecting In-Use Emission Levels -- Travel-Related Factors -- Trips and Vehicle Use -- Speed, Acceleration, and Load -- Driver Behavior -- Highway-Related Factors -- Vehicle-Related and Other Factors -- Translating Emissions into Air Quality
TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY CONSUMPTIONEnergy and the Environment -- Factors Affecting In-Use Fuel Economy -- Travel-Related Factors -- Driver Behavior -- Highway-Related Factors -- Vehicle-Related and Other Factors -- MODELING AIR QUALITY AND ENERGY IMPACTS -- Introduction to Modeling Requirements and Approaches -- Land Use and Travel Demand Models -- Land Use Models -- Travel Demand Models -- Traffic Simulation Models -- Emission and Atmospheric Dispersion Models -- Emission Models -- Atmospheric Dispersion Models -- Energy Models
Limitations of Current Modeling PracticeSUMMARY -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 3 Traffic Flow Characteristics -- OVERVIEW OF EXPECTED IMPACTS -- REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS -- Effects of Changes in Traffic Flow Patterns -- Drive Cycles and Average Speed -- Estimates from Current Emission Models -- Certainty of Emission Estimates from Current Models -- Linking Emissions Estimates with Data on Traffic Flow Characteristics -- Status of Current Research and Modeling Efforts -- Research on In-Use Vehicle Emissions and Emission Modeling Improvements
Research on Emissions Effects of Sharp Accelerations and Fuel EnrichmentResearch on Emissions Effects of High-Speed Driving -- Implications of Research for Emissions Modeling -- Traffic Simulation Modeling Improvements -- Effects on Travel Volumes -- Network Effects -- SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY -- Net Effects on Emissions -- Effects on Regional Air Quality -- REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON ENERGY USE -- Estimates from Current Models -- Certainty of Fuel Economy Estimates -- Net Effects on Energy Use
