附註:Includes bibliographical references (pages 239-243).
Fiscal Policy Faces Historical and Structural Constraints -- Fiscal Trends and Challenges -- Pro-Poor Expenditure and the Room for Additional Fiscal Space -- Public Expenditure Management (PEM) and Other Institutional Issues -- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- A Selection of Key Policy Recommendations -- Fiscal Policy in a Dollarized Economy -- The Ecuadorian Economy: Some Historical Background -- The Role of Fiscal Policy in a Dollarized Framework -- Structural Constraints on Fiscal Policy -- Fiscal Trends and Challenges -- The Volatility of Fiscal Variables -- Fiscal Performance Before and After Dollarization -- The Challenge of Revenue Management -- Fragmented Tax Structure -- Tax Exemptions and the Erosion of the Tax Base -- Earmarking: The Undermining of Budget Flexibility -- Expenditure Trends -- The Fiscal Transparency, Stabilization and Responsbility Law -- Stabilization Funds -- Fine-Tuning Fiscal Rules -- Issues in Debt Sustainability -- Fiscal Sustainability under a Sudden Drop in the Price of Oil, Surge in Interest Rate, or Capital Outflows -- Fiscal Sustainability under Tax Revenue Volatility -- Policy Recommendations -- Pro-Poor Expenditures and the Fiscal Space -- Is Social Expenditure Enough for Poverty Reduction? -- Is Social and Basic Infrastructure Expenditure Pro-Poor? -- Main Social Programs -- Subsidies in Basic Infrastructure Services -- How Much Fiscal Space Is Available for a Poverty Reduction Strategy -- Reversing Current Expenditure -- Making an Optimal Selection of Public Investment -- Assessing Defense Spending -- How Much Off-Budget Fiscal Space Can Be Found for a Poverty Reduction Strategy -- Freezing or Reducing Budget Earmarking -- Reducing Tax Expenditure -- Making Transparent and Intergrating Off-Budget Public Investment -- Towards a Results-Oriented Budget: Attaining the Millennium Development Goals -- Policy Recommendations -- To Shift Public Expenditures Toward a Pro-Poor Focus -- To Re-Target Public Subsidies -- Tra
