附註:Includes bibliographical references (pages 597-613) and index.
Contents -- Introduction -- Two classical physical systems -- Introduction -- The Newtonian systems -- Principle of friction -- Dynamic entropy -- Simple thermodynamic systems -- Mole-number and molecular mass -- Thermodynamic variables -- Pressure of monatomic gas -- The first law of thermodynamics -- State equation of gases -- State equation of ideal gases -- Ideal-gas equation -- More features of ideal gases -- Kelvin temperature -- Mixing ratio of water vapor -- Thermodynamic energy law of ideal gases -- Internal energy and heat exchange
Polytropic processMolecular transport processes -- Introduction -- Diffusion velocity and partial velocities -- Diffusion element and diffusion velocity -- Partial velocities -- Diffusion velocity in non-uniform ideal gases -- Self-diffusion of ideal gases -- Diffusive mass flux -- Coefficient of self-diffusion -- Viscosity of ideal gases -- Diffusive momentum flux -- Momentum conduction -- Coefficient of viscosity -- Relation to self-diffusion -- Heat conduction of ideal gases -- Conductive heat flux -- Heat conductivity -- Modified Eucken formula
Collisional heat capacityComparison with experiments -- Predictability and thermodynamic entropy -- Introduction -- Change rate in diffusion processes -- Mass conservation law -- Mass diffusion equation -- Mass conservation -- Diffusive transport equation -- Unpredictability in classical thermodynamics -- Thermodynamic entropy law for uniform states -- Thermodynamic entropy change of non-uniform state -- Inadditive and scale-dependent features -- Thermodynamic entropy balance equation -- Relation to dynamic entropy -- Calculations for ideal gases
Newtonian-thermodynamic systemIntroduction -- Field variables -- Parcel and parcel velocity -- Mass and heat transport equations -- Continuity equations -- Integrated variations in a system -- General continuity equation -- Heat flux equation -- Heat conduction equation -- Inhomogeneous thermodynamic system -- Adiabatic and transport processes -- Inhomogeneous thermodynamics -- Momentum equation of atmosphere -- Pressure gradient force -- Navier-Stokes equation -- Momentum equation of atmosphere -- Shallow water dynamics
Newtonian-thermodynamic systemTurbulent entropy and universal principle -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic entropy of turbulent system -- Simple turbulent process -- Thermodynamic entropy changes -- Grid thermometers -- Turbulent thermodynamic entropy -- Turbulent entropy law -- Difference from classical thermodynamic entropy -- General discussion -- Example -- Turbulent entropy and disorderliness -- Universal principle -- The principle -- Applications -- Partition functions -- Heat capacity and van der Waals equation -- Einstein function
摘要:Annotation There are large-scale fluid systems in the gravity field, such as the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, which posses some features different from those of classical thermodynamic systems. For example, the oceans and atmosphere possess in homogeneous melt equilibrium states with the same amount of mass and energy. The zeroth law of classical thermodynamics can be applied for the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems, and the irreversible variations may not be explained only by the change of classical thermodynamic entropy. Therefore, there has been a need for a new theory to study the particular systems. This book introduces a new science, called large-scale inhomogeneous thermodynamics, to study the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems. The first eight chapters of the book illustrate the basic theories of inhomogeneous thermodynamics. Special attention is paid to the differences between the irreversible processes in a classical thermodynamic system and an inhomogeneous thermodynamic system. New physical concepts and relationships are introduced to study irreversible processes in the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems which the classical thermodynamics fails to explain. With the new theories introduced, we are able to estimate more realistically how much the kinetic energy is created everyday in, for example, the Earth's atmosphere and oceans and improve greatly the predictions for development and movement of atmospheric set disturbances such as hurricanes and tornadoes. Examples are given in the book, together with the successful interpretation of the climatological distributions of the baroclinic storm tracks, blockings, tropical cyclones and thunderstorms in the troposphere. The energyconversions, related to different floor patterns, are studied by the theory of air engines in which the p-V diagrams are different from those studied in the classical thermodynamics and maybe interesting to engineering. In particular, a new reversible heat engine is forwarde
