Performance Criteria for Concrete Durability

• 其他作者: Hilsdorf, H., , Kropp, J.,
• 出版:
• 版本: First edition.
• 稽核項: 1 online resource :text file, PDF.
• 標題: Béton. , Structural engineering. , cement (construction material) , Concrete. , Ciment. , Cement. , Technique de la construction. , Electronic books. , structural engineering.
• ISBN: 1482271524 , 9781482271522
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• 附註: Book Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- RILEM technical committee 116-PCD and contributors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction and problem statement -- References -- 2 Transport mechanisms and definitions -- 2.1 Diffusion -- 2.1.1 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT -- 2.2 Permeation -- 2.2.1 COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY -- 2.2.2 GAS PERMEABILITY -- 2.2.3 WATER PERMEABILITY -- 2.3 Capillary suction -- 2.3.1 RATE OF ABSORPTION -- 2.3.2 NON-STEADY-STATE ABSORPTION -- 2.3.3 STEADY STATE ABSORPTION -- 2.3.4 MIXED MODES -- 2.4 Adsorption and desorption -- 2.5 Migration -- 2.6 References -- 3 Relations between different transport parameters -- 3.1 Permeability vs diffusion coefficient in general -- 3.2 Moisture and water flow -- 3.2.1 WATER PERMEABILITY VS VAPOUR DIFFUSION -- 3.2.2 MOISTURE FLOW COEFFICIENT VS WATER PERMEABILITY -- 3.2.3 RATE OF WATER ABSORPTION VS WATER PERMEABILITY -- 3.3 Gas flow -- 3.3.1 GAS PERMEABILITY VS GAS DIFFUSION -- 3.3.2 EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT -- 3.3.3 DIFFUSION OF DIFFERENT GASES -- 3.3.4 GAS PERMEABILITY VS WATER PERMEABILITY -- 3.3.5 GAS PERMEABILITY VS RATE OF WATER ABSORPTION -- 3.4 Ion diffusion -- 3.4.1 ION DIFFUSION VS WATER PERMEABILITY -- 3.4.2 DIFFERENTIONS -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 References -- 4 Parameters influencing transport characteristics -- 4.1 Technological parameters (materials and execution) influencing water and gas permeability -- 4.1.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS: PURE PASTE AND CONCRETE PERMEABILITY -- 4.1.2 PERMEABILITY OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE WITHOUT ADDITIONS -- 4.1.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING PERMEABILITY OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE -- (a) Water/cement ratio -- (b) Age -- (c) Curing -- (d) Aggregate type -- (e) Entrained air -- (f) Additions -- 4.1.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 4.2 Technological influences (materials and execution) on water absorption. 4.2.1 WATER ABSORPTION OF OPC CONCRETE WITHOUT ADDITIVES -- (a) Water/cement (w/c) ratio -- (b) Curing -- (c) Aggregates -- (d) Workability -- (e) Compaction -- (f) Age -- 4.2.2 WATER ABSORPTION OF CONCRETE WITH ADDITIVES -- (a) Concretes of equal 28-day strength -- (b) Concretes of equal w/c ratio -- (c) Concretes of equal workability -- 4.2.3 CONCLUSIONS -- 4.3 Environmental parameters influencing permeability -- 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.3.2 EFFECT OF MOISTURE UPON GAS TRANSPORT -- 4.3.3 EFFECT OF MOISTURE UPON WATER ABSORPTION -- (a) Effects of temperature -- (b) Effect of carbonation -- 4.3.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 4.4 References -- 5 Relations between transport characteristics and durability -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carbonation -- 5.2.1 GAS PERMEABILITY -- 5.2.2 CAPILLARY SUCTION OF WATER -- 5.3 Sulphate attack -- 5.4 Alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR) -- 5.4.1 ALKALI-SILICA REACTION (ASR) -- 5.4.2 ALKALI-CARBONATE REACTION (ACR) -- 5.5 Frost resistance -- 5.6 Leaching -- 5.7 Soft water attack -- 5.8 Acid attack -- 5.9 Abrasion resistance -- 5.10 Chloride ingress -- 5.11 Corrosion of reinforcement -- 5.12 Conclusions -- 5.13 References -- 6 Chlorides in concrete -- 6.1 Sources of chlorides -- 6.1.1 CHLORIDE-CONTAINING MATERIALS -- 6.1.2 SEAWATER EXPOSURE -- 6.1.3 DEICING SALTS -- 6.1.4 FIRE -- 6.1.5 OTHER SOURCES -- 6.2 Significance of chlorides for the durability of structures -- 6.2.1 FROST AND DEICING SALT ATTACK -- 6.2.2 CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT -- 6.2.3 CHEMICAL ATTACK -- 6.3 Types of chloride in concrete -- 6.4 Critical chloride concentration -- 6.5 Transport mechanisms for chlorides -- 6.5.1 PERMEATION -- 6.5.2 CAPILLARY SUCTION -- 6.5.3 DIFFUSION -- 6.5.4 MIXED MODES -- 6.6 Chloride profiles -- 6.7 Chemical analysis -- 6.7.1 SAMPLING -- 6.7.2 ANALYSIS OF THE CHLORIDE CONTENT -- 6.8 References. 7 Concrete compressive strength, transport characteristics and durability -- 7.1 The problem -- 7.2 Compressive strength and transport characteristics -- 7.2.1 PERMEABILITY -- (a) General considerations -- (b) Experimental data -- 7.2.2 CAPILLARY SUCTION -- 7.2.3 DIFFUSION -- 7.3 Compressive strength and durability -- 7.3.1 CARBONATION -- 7.3.2 FROST RESISTANCE -- 7.3.3 ABRASION RESISTANCE -- (a) Mechanisms of abrasion -- (b) Parameters influencing abrasion resistance -- (c) Abrasion resistance and concrete strength -- 7.4 Conclusions -- 7.5 References -- 8 Microstructure and transport properties of concrete -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Basic concepts -- 8.3 Description of connectivity by percolation theory -- 8.4 Pore size effects on transport properties -- 8.5 Cement paste -- 8.5.1 PORE CONNECTIVITY -- 8.5.2 PORE SIZE -- 8.5.3 DIFFUSIVITY OF CEMENT PASTE -- 8.6 Microstructure of mortar and concrete -- 8.6.1 INTERFACIAL ZONE MICROSTRUCTURE -- 8.6.2 CONCRETE CONSIDERED AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL -- 8.6.3 INTERFACIAL ZONE PERCOLATION -- 8.7 Critically needed future work -- 8.8 Conclusions and summary -- 8.9 References -- 9 Laboratory test methods -- 9.1 Steady-state water permeation -- 9.1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.1.2 TEST METHODS -- 9.1.3 REPRODUCIBILITY -- 9.1.4 STANDARD TEST METHODS -- 9.1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASURED PERMEABILITY -- (a) Sample size -- (b) Conditioning of the sample -- (c) Boundary conditions and confining pressure -- (d) The driving pressure (pressure head) -- (e) Chemical reactions and physical-chemical effects during testing -- 9.2 Non-steady-state water penetration -- 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2.2 TEST METHODS -- 9.2.3 REPRODUCIBILITY -- 9.2.4 STANDARD TEST METHODS -- 9.2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASURED WATER 'PERMEABILITY' -- 9.3 Capillary suction -- 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.3.2 TEST METHODS -- 9.3.3 REPRODUCIBILITY. 9.3.4 STANDARD TEST METHODS -- 9.3.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASURED CAPILLARY SUCTION -- 9.4 Gas permeability -- 9.4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.4.2 TEST METHODS -- 9.4.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST -- (a) Pressure, gases, duration of the test -- (b) Test specimens -- (c) Preconditioning of specimens -- 9.4.4 EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS, VARIABILITY -- 9.5 Gas diffusion -- 9.5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.5.2 TEST METHODS -- 9.5.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST -- (a) Test specimens -- duration of the test -- (b) Testing equipment -- testing cell -- 9.5.4 EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS -- VARIABILITY -- 9.6 Transport of ions: ion diffusion in concentration gradients -- 9.6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.6.2 STEADY-STATE METHOD -- 9.6.3 NON-STEADY-STATE METHOD -- 9.7 Transport of ions: electrical methods-theoretical background -- 9.7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.7.2 PROCESSES IN CONCRETE SUBMITTED TO AN ELECTRICAL FIELD -- (a) Electrode processes -- (b) Movement of ions in the electrolyte -- (c) Joule effect -- 9.7.3 DIFFUSION AND MIGRATION PHENOMENA -- 9.7.4 NERNST-PLANK EQUATION: STATIONARY CONDITIONS -- 9.7.5 CALCULATION OF D FROM THE VALUE OF INTENSITY: NERNST-EINSTEIN EQUATION -- 9.7.6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DIFFUSIVITIES IN STATIONARY REGIMES -- (a) Constant voltage: Nernst-Plank equation -- (b) Constant voltage or current: Nernst-Einstein equation -- (c) Calculation from resistivity values -- 9.8 Transport of ions: electrical methods- experimental techniques -- 9.8.1 EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- 9.8.2 DISCUSSION -- 9.9 References -- 10 On-site test methods -- 10.1 Capillary suction and water penetration -- 10.1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.1.2 ISAT AND MODIFICATIONS -- 10.1.3 FIGG METHOD AND MODIFICATIONS -- 10.1.4 STANDARDIZED METHODS -- COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE APPARATUS -- 10.1.5 REPRODUCIBILITY -- 10.1.6 EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS INFLUENCING ABSORPTION. 10.1.7 COMMENTS -- 10.2 Gas permeability -- 10.2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2.2 FIGG -- 10.2.3 KASAI -- 10.2.4 PAULMANN -- 10.2.5 GERMANN METHOD (GGT) -- 10.2.6 PARROTT -- 10.2.7 REINHARDT-MIJNSBERGEN -- 10.2.8 SCHÖNLIN -- 10.2.9 TORRENT -- 10.3 Evaluation -- 10.4 References -- 11 Summary and conclusions -- 11.1 Scope and approach -- 11.2 The role of transport properties in corrosive actions -- 11.3 Experimentally verified correlations between transport properties and durability characteristics -- 11.3.1 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NEEDED -- 11.4 Cross-correlations between transport parameters -- 11.5 Recommended transport parameters and test methods -- 11.5.1 GENERAL -- 11.5.2 POTENTIAL TEST METHODS -- (a) Gas permeability -- (b) Capillary suction -- 11.5.3 MOISTURE CONDITION OF THE TEST SPECIMENS -- 11.6 Effect of technological parameters of concrete -- 11.7 Alternative concepts -- 11.8 Further work needed -- Appendix A: A review of methods to determine the moisture conditions in concrete -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Destructive methods -- A.3 Relative humidity in concrete -- A.4 Resistivity -- A.5 Dielectric properties -- A.6 Thermal properties -- A.7 Infrared absorption -- A.8 Neutron scattering -- A.9 Discussion -- A.10 Concluding remarks -- A.11 References -- Appendix B: Conversiona table for permeabilityb units (1) -- RILEM -- Materials and Structures -- RILEM reports -- RILEM proceedings -- RILEM recommendations and recommended practice -- Index.
• 摘要: "This is a state-of-the-art report prepared by RILEM Technical Committee 116-PCD and is an authoritative, international review of the subject and is an essential reference source for engineers and technologists. Performance Criteria for Concrete Durability explains key aspects of concrete durability, and the relationships between transport mechanisms and concrete durability characteristics. It reviews test methods for measuring permeability in the laboratory and on site, and discusses the many factors which influence the durability of concrete to carbonation, chlorides, abrasion etc."--Provided by publisher.
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