附註:Includes index.
1 Importance of sustainable polymers for modern society and development 1 Rezaur Rahman, Nur-Azzah Afifah Binti Taib, Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri and Siti Noor Linda bt Taib 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Current application of polymers 2 1.3 Waste production from the applications of polymers 13 1.4 Environmental effects of nonbiodegradable polymers 16 1.5 Current application of biodegradable polymers 18 1.6 Environmental effects of biodegradable polymers 25 1.7 Sustainability of polymers 26 1.8 Conclusion 29 References 31 2 Physical and chemical properties of sustainable polymers and their blends 37 Md. Saiful Islam and Md.
Moynul Islam 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Properties, modification techniques, and the application of PLA and chitosan 38 2.3 Modifications process of PLA 39 2.4 Various blending 42 2.5 The effect of nanoparticles on blending composites 48 2.6 Conclusion 52 Acknowledgment 53 References 53 3 Sustainable reinforcers for polymer composites 59 Md. Saiful Islam and Md.
Moynul Islam 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Natural fibers 61 3.3 Properties of natural fibers 71 3.4 Properties of natural fiber composites 71 3.5 Fiber processing 71 3.6 Chemical treatments 73 3.7 Effect of chemical treatments on natural fibers 76 3.8 Scanning electron microscopy 77 3.9 Tensile properties 78 3.10 Flexural properties 79 3.11 Impact properties 80 3.12 Applications 80 3.13 Future market trends 82 3.14 Summary 82 Acknowledgment 82 References 83 4 Sustainable resin systems for polymer composites 89 Faisal I.
Chowdhury 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Hybrid resin composites 90 4.3 Flowable (low-viscosity) composite resin 91 4.4 Nanocomposite resins 93 4.5 Carbon nanocomposite resins 93 4.6 Metal oxide nanocomposite resins 96 4.7 Natural fiber 4.8 Self-healing composite resins 99 4.9 Antimicrobial composite resins 102 4.10 3D printable antimicrobial composite resins 103 4.11 Stimuli-responsive composite resins 103 References 105 5 Use of sustainable polymers to make green composites 109 Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Md Rezaur Rahman, Perry Law Nyuk Khui,.
Elammaran Jayamani and Afrasyab Khan 5.1 Introduction of polymers 109 5.2 Types of polymers 110 5.3 Characterization and testing method based on standards 114 5.4 Composites manufacturing process 123 5.5 Summary 124 References 124 6 Electrical properties in reinforced polymer composites 131 Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Md.
Elammaran Jayamani, Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri and Afrasyab Khan 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Utilization of fillers in polymer composites (electrical conductivity) 132 6.3 Hybrid fillers in polymer composites (electrical conductivity) 132 6.4 Dielectrical properties of polymer composites 133 6.5 Resistivity of polymer composites 135 6.6 Applications of polymer composites in electrical and electronic industry 136 6.7 Summary 137 References 138 7 Rheological behavior and transport of molten polymers and gas Khairuddin Sanaullah and Afrasyab Khan 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Flow properties of polymer liquids 142 7.3 Transport equations of molten polymer flows 149 7.4 Multiphase flows 156 Appendix A Derivation of Hagen flow 174 Appendix B One-dimensional momentum equation for gas Newtonian.
liquid two-phase flow for separated flow regime 176 References 179 8 Applications of sustainable polymer composites in automobile and aerospace industry 185 Adamu Muhammad, Md Rezaur Rahman, Rubiyah bt Hj Baini and Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Automobile industry 187 8.3 Aerospace industry 195 8.4 Challenges of implementing sustainable polymer composites for automobiles and aircrafts 200 8.5 Conclusion 201 References 201 9 Hybrid sustainable polymer composites 209 Sweety Shahinur and Mahbub Hasan 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Hybrid composite 211 9.3 Sustainability of polymer composite 216 9.4 Case study 224 9.5 Summary and concluding remarks 224 References 226 10 Nano-reinforcement in sustainable polymer composites 231 Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Md.
Rezaur Rahman, Siti Noor Linda Taib, Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Akshay Kakar and Elammaran Jayamani 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Types of nonrenewable nano-reinforcements 232 10.3 Types of renewable nano-reinforcements 237 10.4 Applications of nano-reinforced polymer composites 238 10.5 Summary 239 References 239 11 Life cycle assessment of sustainable composites 245 Elammaran Jayamani,.
Tee Jun Jie and Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri 11.1 Composite materials 245 11.2 Characteristic of composite material 245 11.3 Characteristic of composite material 245 11.4 Importance of composite material in aerospace industry 246 11.5 Current application of synthetic fiber polymer composite in aerospace industry 247 11.6 Current application of natural fiber polymer composites in aerospace industry 248 11.7 Life cycle assessment 249 11.8 Application of life cycle assessment in aviation industry 252 11.9 Methodology 252 11.10 Result and discussion 256 11.11 Conclusion 263 References 264 12 Recycling of sustainable polymers and composites 267 Perry Law Nyuk Khui, Md.
Rezaur Rahman, Elammaran Jayamani and Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri 12.1 Introduction 267 12.2 Sustainable polymers 268 12.3 Recycling thermoplastic polymers and composites 269 12.4 Recycling thermoset polymers and composites 270 12.5 Primary recycling 271 12.6 Mechanical recycling 272 12.7 Chemical recycling 272 12.8 Challenges of recycling polymers and composites 275 12.9 Summary 277 References 277 Index 283.
