附註:10 Heavy-duty vehicles and powertrains: technologies and systems that enable 'zero' air quality and greenhouse gas emission.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Front Cover -- Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the authors -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Technology roadmaps to deliver low carbon targets -- 1.3 Vehicle technology contributions to low carbon targets -- 1.4 Powertrain technology contributions to low-carbon targets -- 1.5 Regulatory requirements and consumer trends -- 1.6 Traffic management factors -- 1.7 Global manufacturing and consumer trends -- 1.8 Commercial vehicles and buses -- 1.9 Electrification of transport technology -- 1.10 Current and future trends -- 1.11 Affordability andconsumer appeal -- 1.12 Long-term vision: solar energy/hydrogen economy -- 1.13 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Further reading -- I. Alternative Fuels, advanced additives and oils to improve environmental performance -- 2 The roleof alternative and renewable liquid fuels in environmentally sustainable transport -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Competing fuels and energy carriers -- 2.1.2 Onboard energy density -- 2.1.3 Vehicle cost -- 2.1.4 Environmental benefits -- 2.2Market penetration of biodiesel -- 2.3 Market penetration of alcohol fuels -- 2.3.1 Brazil -- 2.3.2 United States -- 2.3.3 European union -- 2.3.4 China -- 2.4 Future provision of alternative liquid fuels: the biomass limit -- 2.5 Beyond the biomass limit: sustainable organic fuels for transport -- 2.5.1 Recycling CO2 -- 2.5.2 Fuel synthesis -- 2.6 Renewable fuels within an integrated renewable energy system -- 2.7 Conclusions -- 2.8 Update for 2021 -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Using alternative and renewable liquid fuels to improve the environmental performance of internal combustion engines: key... -- 3.1 Introduction.
3.2 The use of biodiesel in internal combustion engines: fatty acid methyl esters and hydrogenated vegetable oil -- 3.3 Alcohol fuels: physicochemical properties -- 3.3.1 Volumetric energy density and stoichiometry -- 3.3.2 Vapour pressure-- 3.3.3 Octane numbers -- 3.4 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: effects on performance and efficiency -- 3.4.1 Performance -- 3.4.2 Efficiency -- 3.4.3 The efficiency of dedicated alcohol engines -- 3.5 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: pollutant emissions, deposits and lubricant dilution -- 3.6 Alcohol fuels for compression-ignition engines -- 3.7 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: flexible-fuel vehicles -- 3.8 Vehicle andblending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: ethanol-gasoline and methanol-gasoline bi-fuel vehicles -- 3.9 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: tri-flex-fuel vehicles and isostoichiometric ternary blends -- 3.9.1 Isostoichiometric ternary blends -- 3.10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Alternative and renewable gaseous fuels to improve vehicle environmental performance -- 4.1 Update to the 2021 edition --4.2 Introduction -- 4.3 Fossil natural gas -- 4.4 Fossil natural gas production, transmission and distribution -- 4.4.1 Distribution of compressed natural gas -- 4.4.2 Distribution of liquefied natural gas -- 4.5 Natural gas engines and vehicles -- 4.5.1 Spark-ignition lean burn engines -- 4.5.2 Spark-ignition stoichiometric engines -- 4.5.3 Compression-ignition dual-fuel engines -- 4.5.4 Off-road vehicles -- 4.5.5 Onboard fuel storage -- 4.6 Biomethane/biogas -- 4.7 Biogasproduction, distribution and storage -- 4.7.1 Purification to biomethane -- 4.7.1.1 Absorption -- 4.7.1.2 Adsorption -- 4.7.1.3 Membrane separation -- 4.7.1.4 Cryogenic distillation.
4.7.2 Distribution of gaseous biomethane -- 4.7.3 Distribution of liquid biomethane -- 4.7.4 Bulk storage -- 4.8 Liquefied petroleum gas -- 4.9 LPG production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles -- 4.9.1 LPG vehicles and fueldelivery systems -- 4.9.2 Vapour pressure systems -- 4.9.3 Liquid injection systems -- 4.10 Hydrogen -- 4.11 Hydrogen production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles -- 4.12 Ammonia -- 4.13 Lifecycle analysis of alternative gaseous fuels --4.14 Future trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 5 Electricity as an energy vector for transportation vehicles -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Generation -- 5.2.1 Type 1: mechanical to electrical energy conversion-- 5.2.2 Type 2: photovoltaic -- 5.3 Transmission and distribution -- 5.3.1 Transmission -- 5.3.2 Distribution -- 5.3.3 Access to charging points -- 5.4 Storage -- 5.5 The nature of electrical energy -- 5.5.1 Storing electricity -- 5.5.1.1Electricity can be stored as itself: electrostatics in capacitors -- 5.5.1.2 Using an artifact of current flow: inductance -- 5.5.2 Converting into other forms of energy for storage -- 5.5.2.1 Mechanical -- 5.5.2.2 Chemical -- 5.5.2.3 Lithium-ion battery storage -- 5.6 Onboard energy storage (battery) -- 5.6.1 Safety -- 5.6.2 Supply chain and cost -- 5.7 Onboard energy storage (hydrogen) -- 5.7.1 Fuel cells -- 5.7.2 H2 ICE -- 5.7.2.1 Hydrogen with a diesel pilot -- 5.7.2.2 Hydrogen with a spark -- 5.7.2.3 Hydrogen with a glow plug -- 5.8 Concluding remarks -- Further reading -- 6 Hydrogen as an energy vector for transportation vehicles -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overview of hydrogen production -- 6.2.1 Steam methanereformation -- 6.2.2 Coal gasification -- 6.2.3 Electrolysis -- 6.2.4 High-temperature conversion from nuclear energy -- 6.2.5 By-product and industrial hydrogen.
6.2.6 Green versus blue versus brown hydrogen production -- 6.3 Overview of electricity production -- 6.4 Hydrogen storage and transportation -- 6.4.1 Large-scale storage -- 6.4.1.1 Cryogenic -- 6.4.1.2 Underground -- 6.4.2 Small-scale storage -- 6.4.2.1 Compressed -- 6.4.2.2 Cryogenic and cryocompressed hydrogen -- 6.4.2.3 Metal hydride -- 6.4.2.4 Surface adsorption -- 6.4.3 Transportation -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Advanced engine oils -- 7.1 Introduction-- 7.2The role of the lubricant in a modern internal combustion engine -- 7.2.1 Safeguarding engine durability -- 7.2.2 Contributing to the fuel economy of the engine -- 7.2.3 Helping to maintain a low level of emissions -- 7.3 The composition of a typical modern engine lubricant -- 7.4 Diesel engine lubrication challenges -- 7.5 Gasoline engine lubrication challenges -- 7.6 Industry and original equipment manufacturer specifications for engine oils -- 7.7 Lubricating modernengines in developing markets -- 7.8 Future engine oil evolution -- 7.8.1 Future fuel economy challenges -- 7.8.2 Future emissions challenges -- 7.8.3 Future fuel challenges -- 7.8.4 New materials -- 7.9 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 8 Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Additive types and their impact on conventional and advanced fuels -- 8.2.1 Antioxidants and stabilizers -- 8.2.2 Cold flow improvers -- 8.2.3 Filter blocking tendency -- 8.2.4 Lubricity improvers and friction modifiers -- 8.2.5 Ferrous corrosion inhibitors -- 8.2.6 Other corrosion inhibitors -- 8.2.7 Conductivity improvers -- 8.3 Impacts of additives on combustion characteristics -- 8.3.1 Diesel ignition improving additives -- 8.3.2 Octane-improving additives -- 8.4 Diesel performance and deposit control additives -- 8.4.1 Injector nozzle coking.
8.4.2 Diesel injector internal deposits -- 8.4.3 Diesel performance additive packages -- 8.5 Gasoline performance and deposit control additives -- 8.5.1 Gasoline engine deposits -- 8.5.2 Gasoline performance additive packages -- 8.5.3 Cleanliness and performance of port fuel-injected gasoline engines -- 8.5.4 Gasoline direct injection engines and injector plugging -- 8.5.5 Effects of ethanol on deposit formation -- 8.6 Conclusions and future trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- II. Improving engine and vehicle design -- 9 Internal combustion engine cycles and concepts -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ideal engine operation cycles -- 9.2.1 Two-stroke cycle -- 9.2.2 Four-stroke cycle -- 9.2.3 Ideal cycle analysis and theoretical efficiency limits -- 9.2.3.1 Constant volume ideal heat addition -- 9.2.3.2 Constant pressure ideal heat addition -- 9.2.3.3 Limited pressure ideal heat addition -- 9.2.3.4 Ideal heat addition method comparison -- 9.3 Alternative engine operating cycles -- 9.3.1 Overexpanded cycle -- 9.3.1.1 Atkinson cycle -- 9.3.1.2 Miller cycle -- 9.3.1.3 Implementation of overexpanded cycles -- 9.3.2 Split cycle engines -- 9.3.2.1 Scuderi split cycle -- 9.3.2.2 Stirling split cycle -- 9.3.3 Rotary engine -- 9.3.4 Free-piston engine -- 9.3.5 Dual-fuel engines -- 9.3.6 Opposed-piston engines -- 9.4 Comparison of engine cycle performance -- 9.4.1 Actual engine cycles -- 9.4.1.1 Spark ignition engines --9.4.1.2 Compression ignition engines -- 9.4.2 Limitations -- 9.4.2.1 Friction -- 9.4.2.2 Heat transfer -- 9.4.2.3 Throttling -- 9.4.2.4 Boosting -- 9.4.3 Impact of fuel type -- 9.4.4 Convergence of spark ignition and compression ignition engines -- 9.5 Advantages and limitations of internal combustion engines -- 9.6 Conclusion and future trends -- 9.7 Sources of further information and advice -- References.
摘要:"Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance: Towards Zero Carbon Transportation, Second Edition provides a comprehensive view of key developments in advanced fuels and vehicle technologies toimprove the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the automotive sector. Part I considers the role of alternative fuels such as synthetic fuels, e-fuels, biofuels, gaseous fuels and hydrogen, as well as advanced fuel additives and lubricants, in environmentally sustainable transport. Part II explores methods of revising engine and vehicle design to improve environmental performance and fuel economy. It contains chapters on improvements in design, aerodynamics, combustion and transmissions. Finally, Part III outlines developments in electric vehicles, batteries, hybrid vehicle technologies and hydrogen fuel cells, and provides an overview of the benefits and limitations of these vehicles in terms of their environmental impact, safety, cost and design practicalities. A new chapter on the potential opportunities for connected and autonomous vehicles in terms of GHG emissions and air quality has also been added. This reference will provide professionals, engineers and researchers of alternative fuels with an understanding of the latest clean technologies which will help them to make advancements in the field. Those working in environmental and mechanical engineering willbenefit from the detailed analysis of the technologies covered, as will fuel suppliers and energy producers seeking to improve the efficiency, sustainability and accessibility of their work."--
